Comb Jelly Facts (Ctenophora)

The comb jelly is a marine invertebrate that swims by beating rows of cilia that resemble combs. Some species have rounded bodies and tentacles like jellyfish, but comb jellies and jellyfish belong to two separate phyla. Jellyfish are cnidarians, while comb jellies belong to the phylum ctenophora. The name ctenophora comes from Greek words that mean comb carrying. Approximately 150 comb jelly species have been named and described to date. Examples include the sea gooseberry (Pleurobrachia sp.) and Venus girdle (Cestum veneris). Fast Facts: Comb Jelly Scientific Name: CtenophoraCommon Names: Comb jelly, comb jellyfishBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: 0.04 inches to 4.9 feetLifespan: Less than a month to 3 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Marine habitats worldwidePopulation: AbundantConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description As their name implies, comb jelly bodies are gelatinous. Species that live near the water surface are transparent, but those that live deeper in the water or parasitize other animals may be brightly colored. Some species have tentacles. Most species have eight strips of cilia, called comb rows, that run the length of their body. Ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia for locomotion. The comb rows scatter light and produce a rainbow effect. Most species are bioluminescent blue or green and some flash light or eject a bioluminescent ink when disturbed. Comb jellies display a wide array of body plans. In contrast to jellyfish, comb jellies are not radially symmetrical. Most are bilaterally symmetrical, like humans. They range in size and shape from tiny (0.04 inch) spheroids to long (4.9 feet) ribbons. Some are lobe-shaped, while bottom-dwelling species resemble sea slugs. The Venus girdle is a ribbon-like comb jelly. Ethan Daniels/Stocktrek Images / Getty Images Habitat and Range Ctenophores live all over the world, from the tropics to the poles and from the ocean surface down to its depths. Comb jellies are not found in fresh water. They live in the ocean and in brackish bays, marshes, and estuaries. Diet Except for one genus that is partially parasitic, comb jellies are carnivores. They prey on other ctenophores and on zooplankton, including small crustaceans, fish larvae, and mollusk larvae. They employ a wide range of strategies to catch prey. Some use tentacles to form web-like structures, others are ambush predators, and still others dangle sticky lures to attract prey. Behavior Although masses of comb jellies may occur, they actually live solitary lives. Ctenophores use different neurotransmitters than other animals. A comb jelly lacks a brain or nervous system, but has a nerve net. Nervous impulses direct muscles to move the animal as well as to capture and manipulate prey. It has a statolith made of calcium carbonate that it uses to sense orientation. Chemoreceptive cells near the jellys mouth allow it to taste prey. Comb jellies are usually bioluminescent and their cilia display a rainbow effect. RLSPHOTO / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Sexes are separate in a few species, but most comb jellies are simultaneous hermaphrodites. Both self-fertilization and cross-fertilization can occur. Gametes are expelled through the mouth. Fertilization often occurs in the water, but in Coeloplana and Tjalfiella, gametes are taken into the mouth for internal fertilization. Fertilized eggs develop directly into the adult form, without larval stages and without parental care. Comb jellies produce gametes as long as there is sufficient food. Some species regenerate if injured and reproduce asexually as well as sexually. Small parts of these animals break off and grow into adults. Little is known about most species, but the lifespan of those that have been studied ranges from less than a month to three years. Conservation Status No ctenophore species has a conservation status. Generally, comb jellies are not considered threatened or endangered. Like other marine species, they are affected by climate change, pollution, and weather. Comb jellies are prey for several species, including the endangered leatherback sea turtle. Comb Jellies and Humans Unlike jellyfish, comb jellies cannot sting. While the animals are not directly used by humans, they are important for marine food chains. Some species control zooplankton which could wipe out phytoplankton if left unchecked. Invasive comb jellies, carried in ship ballast water, diminished fish catches in the Sea of Azov and Black Sea by eating fish larvae and the crustaceans that are the food source for mature fish. Sources Boero, F. and J. Bouillon. Cnidaria and Ctenophora (Cnidarians and Comb Jellies). in K Rohde, ed. Marine Parasitology. Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 2005.Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates, 2003, ch. 9, p. 269. ISBN 0-87893-097-3.Haddock, S. and J. Case. Not All Ctenophores Are Bioluminescent:  Pleurobrachia.  Biological Bulletin, 189: 356-362, 1995. doi:10.2307/1542153Hyman, Libbie Henrietta. The Invertebrates: Volume I, Protozoa Through Ctenophora. McGraw Hill, 1940. ISBN 978-0-07-031660-7.Tamm, Sidney L. Mechanisms of Ciliary Co-ordination in Ctenophores. Journal of Experimental Biology. 59: 231–245, 1973.

How Psychology Is The Scientific Study Of Behavior And...

What is psychology? The definition of psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are three key terms in the definition of psychology – science, behavior, and mental process. Psychology uses systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusions. Behavior is anything that we do that is visible by another person, and mental processes are the thoughts and feelings that we experience but that are not noticeable by another person. For thousands of years, people all around the world have been asking the question why? Over the years, people have made up their own stories to explain to others why things are the way they are. These stories get passed on through families and make their way down the lines of each generation. These stories eventually became known as myths, or folklore tales. Greece and Rome were and still are very known for their myths and are still taught in schools present day. Though myths and folklore may be intriguing to hear, not everyone believed in them. Philosophers, those who believe that there is a natural and rational explanation for all things, then came to be. Wilhelm Wundt was a German philosopher-physician who created the academic discipline of psychology by meshing together philosophy and natural science. Wundt believed that it could be possible for a person’s mental process to be measured by the time it took for a person’s brain and nervous system to translate into action. Wundt’s main focus was discoveringShow MoreRelatedWhat is Psychology?925 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1929, psychology was defined as the study of consciousness. From about 1930 to1970, the definition of psychology changed with dealing more with the scientific study of behavior. From about 1970 on, psychology was defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 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Bamya- Egyptian Food Free Essays

Food and Nutrition ISP World cuisine Egypt Alex Easton The news of the Egyptian or lotus revolution has headed the media world-wide a few months ago. An uprising of the middle class Egyptians has led to overthrow the notorious Hosny Mubarak who had reigned Egypt for 30 long years. The Egyptians have overcome their fear of authority and had reached the point of no return. We will write a custom essay sample on Bamya- Egyptian Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unemployment, poverty, hungry and poor Egyptians now seek a better future for their country and for themselves. The Arab Republic of Egypt is a link between Africa, Europe and Asia. Egypt is located in the northeastern region of the African continent. Egypt has three major water resources, the river Nile, the longest river in the world, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red sea, however, only the river Nile provides palatable drinking water. Despite this, Egypt’s climate is arid and dry and most of the country receives less than one inch of rainfall each year. The Mediterranean Sea may offer Egypt’s northern coastline up to eight inches of rainfall each year, and keeps year –round temperatures cooler than the inland deserts. The widespread lack of rainfall makes it extremely difficult to grow crops. Egypt has no forests and only 2 percent of the land can be farmed. The river Nile runs from the south to the north of eastern Egypt and empties into the Mediterranean Sea at the delta, the most fertile land in Egypt. Around 95 percent of the countries population lives alongside the Nile River, including about 3 percent of Egypt’s population in its capital, Cairo. This overcrowding is threatening Egypt’s wildlife, recourses and water supply. The Egyptians still have a love of food inherited from their ancestors. Living on a fertile land that yields different fruits and vegetables all year round has enriched the Egyptian kitchen with a variety of food. Animals also show a variety, with different types of meat present; beef, veal, lamb, poultry and even camel meat is popular. The unique Egyptian cuisine has been influenced by other neighbouring cuisines, Middle Eastern Turkish, Greek and Roman cuisines have influenced some of the Egyptian dishes available now. The Egyptian cuisine is also affected by the season’s products. Bread and rice are present all year round as the wheat is made into flour and together with rice is a strategic grain in the kitchen. The varieties are in the selection of fruit and vegetables. Oranges, tangerines and citrus fruits are abundant in the winter starting from November, while watermelons, melons, mangoes and apples are available in the summer. The main vegetables available in summer are okra and molekheyia-a leafy green vegetable that is shredded and made as a soup. Potatoes, eggplants and other vegetables are available all year round. Despite the fertile land and the variety of crops, the Egyptians mostly are in poverty and in hunger . Food prices are at record levels partly due to population growth and increased demand from a recovering global economy, tight supplies, high oil prices, and weak agricultural planning and production attributable to climate change-induced natural disasters and crop loss in key producing nations. The Egyptians are now trying hard to change the policies that were available in Mubarak’s regime. The Egyptian revolution was ignited by a poor mans own will to burn himself in front of parliament as he could not feed his family anymore. Thirty years of government corruption, bribery and suspicious alliance with outside nations caused the Egyptians to rebel as they repeated â€Å"enough, enough†. The previous policies of Mubarak’s government had impovered the Egyptian farmer and peasant, abolishing wheat farming, and accepting wheat from the USA, caused this uprising as bread prices had raised. In 1999, agriculture made up approximately 16 percent of Egypt’s economy, employing about one-third of all Egyptians. However, Egypt’s agriculture is also contributing to the slowing of economic growth. A shortage of arable land (land that can be farmed) has become a serious problem. The lack of farmable land has caused Egyptian farmers to move to other countries. Egypt, struggling to consolidate a revolution that deposed President  Hosni Mubarak  in February, now faces what could be even worse turmoil because the country is running out of food as well as the money to buy it. Food prices went up 10. 7 percent in April compared to the same month in 2010, government statistics indicate. According to Al-Ahram, Egypt’s leading daily, hoarding of rice by wholesalers has pushed prices up by 35 percent this year. Egypt is reported to have only four months’ supply of wheat on hand and only one month’s supply of rice. Egypt faces daunting challenges as it prepares for broad presidential and parliamentary elections within a year. Ongoing volatility in global food prices will strain resources during this critical transitional period. Still quite vague what the new government will do, the present change to democracy and the upcoming parlimental and presidential election is giving the Egyptians hope to a better future. Egypt is entering a new era, an era of real democracy and the will of its people, especially the youth to transform their country and create a new environment for prosperity. How to cite Bamya- Egyptian Food, Essay examples

Financial Technologies and Innovations

Question: Discuss about the Initial Coin Offerings (ICO). Answer: Introduction: ICO is an illegalized means through which the funds are obtained for new illegal currency project. This way of raising fund is very popular for the block chain projects. This method is used by the starters to evade the regulated and rigorous procedure of raising the capital required by banks or venture capitalists (Elendner et al., 2016). When any block chain starter firm wish to obtain money through ICO, they normally generate a plan that explains details about the project, the requirement of the project after completion, the money required for taking-up the venture type of money that will be acceptable and the duration of the ICO campaign (Ren, 2014). Every project needs to be started at some point, and at the same time it requires funds for setting up. ICO is a great approach to obtain funds for these business developments. During the campaigning of ICO, supporters and enthusiasts purchase some cryptocoins that are same like share of the company offered under Initial public offering (IPO) (Selgin, 2015). This way of funding new projects not only help the new business to set-up, but also assist in allocation of initial coins in a fair and orderly manner. ICO removes various difficulties involved the process of fund raising and permits to shortened the procedure of presenting the business idea to the probable customers. Another advantage associated with ICO is that due to the open nature of the project, the possibilities of creating same projects with small changes can be marketed to the customers and the viability of the project can be assessed in advance (Desan, 2014). Discussion: The chosen ICO is Edgeless Edgeless is the smart Casino based on the contract and offers a house edge of 0% and solves all the questions related to transparency. They offer various gambling games like 0% black jack edge, 0% edge video poker, sports betting and Dice. In 2016, the online industry for gambling was worth at USD $45 billion. The main issues with the gambling business were the transparency and the gambling price as the source of funds for gamble are from the user rules like big house edge (Reynolds, 2014). Moreover, the happenings of casino and the programmed mechanisms are also not transparent. However, Edgeless has its own advantages for the selection: Transparency: The random generation of number are completely based on the Ethereum Smart Contract that is fully public. It means each person can observe what is going on inside the casino servers. 0% house edge: They offer the games that are completely based on luck and skill. If the games are perfectly played, then the player will experience 0% edge for gambling. However, if the player makes any mistakes, in that case the casino will gain the profit over a long-term period (Gainsbury et al., 2014) Full anonymity: Generally, crypto currency wallets are unidentified and their casino does not require any registrations or log-ins, which in turn provide complete anonymity. Immediate options for deposits and withdrawals of money: Cost-effective and immediate transfers of money offer immediate money deposits withdrawals for the players. On the other hand, other casinos hold the amount of players for at least 1-3 days before making the payment to the players (Anderson, 2017). Moreover, the 40% profit of the Edgeless is allocated to the Edgeless Lounge Pot that can be accessed by the shareholders of EDG tokens. The shareholders of EDG can believe that in every 30 days, they can win the profit from Edgeless Lounge Pot. Financial Performance: It can be seen from the above table that the goal set of the company for selling the edgeless token is quite high, that means the company is targeting to earn a significant profit to sustain in the long-run. If the targets of 50,000 ETH are not met then the money will be returned back to the investors. Edgeless casino has various opportunities for earning profits. Their games are basically based on sports betting and skill + luck. There are only two options, either the player will play well or play poorly. On an average the player player does not play perfectly and therefore the casino earns earns high profit in the ling-run. The other way of earning profit is through sports betting. The method connects the participants against each other and charges rake / juice / vig from the participants. From this the casino normally charges 4% on the wagered amount (Edgeless Crowdsale, 2017). There are more than 10,000,000 EDG tokens offered to Edgeless bounty program and the cost of EDG token was 1000 EDG that is 1 ETH. Looking at their sustainability it can be said that ICO will be able to achieve a valuation of USD billion-dollar in future. Conclusion: It can be concluded from above discussion that ICO is a great platform for the developers from which they can avail the tools of Edgeless to develop their own casino that will be fully transparent. It will help in making the block chain and crypto currency business to set a standard in the industry of casino. The business regulation of Edgeless will assist other casinos to carry on the business with lower edge and transparency. References: Anderson, W. (2017). Edgeless ICO: An Ethereum casino with no built-in house edge - Smith + Crown. Smith + Crown. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.smithandcrown.com/edgeless-ico-ethereum-casino-no-built-house-edge/ Desan, C. (2014).Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism. Oxford University Press, USA. Edgeless Crowdsale. (2017). Edgeless.io. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://edgeless.io/bounty.php Elendner, H., Trimborn, S., Ong, B., Lee, T. M. (2016).The Cross-Section of Crypto-Currencies as Financial Assets: An Overview(No. SFB649DP2016-038). Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. Gainsbury, S., Hing, N., Delfabbro, P. H., King, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of gambling and casino games via social media and online technologies.International Gambling Studies,14(2), 196-213. Ren, L. (2014). Proof of stake velocity: Building the social currency of the digital age.Self-published white paper. Reynolds, A. C. (2014). Youth gambling and its association with casino proximity. Selgin, G. (2015). Synthetic commodity money.Journal of Financial Stability,17, 92-9

The Life Copernicus Essays - Copernican Revolution,

The Life Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy. He was born in Poland,1 and eventually was sent off to Cracow University, there to study mathematics and optics; at Bologna, cannon law. Returning from his studies in Italy, Copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg where he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days. Because of his clerical position, Copernicus moved in the highest circles of power; but as student he remained. His interest in astronomy gradually grew to be one in which he had a primary interest. His investigations were carried on quietly and alone, without help or consultation. He made his celestial observations from a turret situated on the protective wall around the cathedral, observations were made bare eyeball, so to speak, as a hundred more years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. In 1530, Copernicus completed and gave to the world his great work De Revolutionibus, which asserted that the earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the sun once yearly: a fantastic concept for the times. Up to the time of Copernicus the thinkers of the western world believed in the Ptolemiac theory that the universe was a closed space bounded by a spherical envelope beyond which there was nothing. Claudius Ptolemy, an Egyptian living in Alexandria, at about 150 A.D., gathered and organized the thoughts of the earlier thinkers. Ptolemy's findings were that the earth was a f ixed, inert, immovable mass, located at the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies, including the sun and the fixed stars, revolved around it. It was a theory that appealed to human nature. It fit with the casual observations that a person might want to make in the field; and second, it fed man's ego. Copernicus was in no hurry to publish his theory, though parts of his work were circulated among a few of the astronomers that were giving the matter some thought; indeed, Copernicus' master work might not have ever reached the printing press if it had not been for a young man who sought out the master in 1539. George Rheticus was a 25 year old German mathematics professor who was attracted to the 66 year old cleric, having read one of his papers. Intending to spend a few weeks with Copernicus, Rheticus ended up staying as a house guest for two years, so fascinated was he with Copernicus and his theories. Now, up to this time, Copernicus was reluctant to publish, -- not so much that he was concerned with what the church might say about his novel theory (De Revolutionibus was placed on the Index in 1616 and only removed in 1835), but rather because he was a perfectionist and he never thought, even after working on it for thirty years, that his complete work was ready, -- there were, a s far as Copernicus was concerned, observations to be checked and rechecked. (Interestingly, Copernicus' original manuscript, lost to the world for 300 years, was located in Prague in the middle of the 19th century; it shows Copernicus' pen was, it would appear, continually in motion with revision after revision; all in Latin as was the vogue for scholarly writings in those days.) Copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work had caused. It went against the philosophical and religious beliefs that had been held during the medieval times. Man, it was believed (and still believed by some) was made by God in His image, man was the next thing to God, and, as such, superior, especially in his best part, his soul, to all creatures, indeed this part was not even part of the natural world (a philosophy which has proved disastrous to the earth's environment as any casual observer of the 20th century might confirm by simply looking about). Copernicus' theories might well lead men to think that they are simply part of nature and not superior to it and that ran counter to the theories of the political powerful churchmen of the time. Two other Italian scientists of the time,

Peplaus Seven Nursing Roles Social Work Essay Example

Peplaus Seven Nursing Roles Social Work Essay Example Peplaus Seven Nursing Roles Social Work Essay Peplaus Seven Nursing Roles Social Work Essay In this essay I will analyze formal and informal societal webs and how the cognition and apprehension of these are of import to professional carers. Society is made up of an alloy of households and societal webs. The household is the simplest unit of society ; with many different set ups of households. There is the atomic household of female parent, male parent and kids. There is the drawn-out household with grandparents, aunties and uncles. There are besides individual parent households and the reconstituted households with kids from a old relationship life in a new household with step-father, step-mother or step-siblings. Worlds are societal animals and are fond of company, we do non desire to populate and decease entirely. This is why we meet people and do relationships and have kids, so we surround ourselves with friendly relationship, love, household and company. This is supported by the plants of George Peter Murdock, who says that there are four basic maps of the household in society: sexual, generative, educational and economic. Another theoretician, Talcott Parsons believed that the household has two basic maps: the primary socialisation of kids and the stabilisation of grownup personalities of the population of society. I think it is true that the household fulfils these basic maps in society, but these are theories about the atomic household. Some households such as the individual parent household would happen it difficult to run into some of these basic maps, such as the economic system map, supplying for the household, a batch of individual parents are out of work and have to trust on the province to fund their households because employment of the individual parent would non supply adequate income to cover the life costs of the household. For the healthcare professional it is of import to cognize a individual s household and societal background. If they have an penetration into this they are better equipt with relevant information to help the patient s recovery. For illustration, if a patient has a household history of high blood force per unit area or diabetes, they can be prompted to do lifestyle alterations or have trials done to see if they are besides at hazard, therefore forestalling or proroguing unwellness. The healthcare professional has to understand the patient as a individual. A great formative consequence on that individual is their household and societal webs. For case if person has come from a household background of want they might hold a history of hapless diet, doing some diseases associated with hapless nutrition more likely. When we check into infirmary, we are normally asked for inside informations of our following of family, a individual in the household who is willing to be at that place for the patient and assist them in times of demand. This is critical information for the healthcare professional, because if a patient is unable to give inside informations of household history or comes into infirmary as an exigency and is unconscious for illustration, the wellness carer can reach the following of family to inform them of the patient and inquire critical inquiries which may assist forecast and intervention. For case if a individual is brought into infirmary demoing marks of inebriation such as slurring words, the information given by the following of family could be that the patient is a devout Muslim and does non imbibe intoxicant, therefore motivating the carer to look for other possible causes of the symptoms such as shot. The information relayed by friends or household could potentially be lifesav ing. In one manner or another, the huge bulk of people are portion of a societal web. Social webs come in many different signifiers, and modern engineering has developed the societal networking universe dramatically. Most of these webs are informal societal webs, such as friends run intoing one time a hebdomad to play football, or a book nine or your ain close group of friends. Common involvements bring people together to organize societal webs, and they have a intent or grounds for being which are mostly for good causes. Statutory webs are formal and enacted by the province or Torahs. Informal webs are private and between friends or people with commonalties. Sometimes a individual may uncover more about themselves to friends or societal webs than they would to their households, nevertheless people can besides uncover private things to formal webs, for illustration during a therapy session. When a individual confides in a friend their medical job so they may hold valuable information for the wellness attention professional, information which the household may non cognize, for illustration, a adult male who has contracted HIV from a homosexual relationship might non hold told his household that he is cheery and does non desire to state them of his unwellness, but his friend might be cognizant, hence if he were to be in demand of infirmary intervention the healthcare professional would non be able to obtain this information from the household, therefore the importance of informal societal webs to the carer. Each web is different, each has different ends and maps, but their similar purpose is to supply service of some kind, for illustration, to people or animate beings or the disadvantaged. Informal societal webs are of import for us as worlds, because we are societal existences and we feel the demand to portion and confide in people with similar involvements and ideas as ourselves. Informal webs can be of import for a individual s well-being, as it can profit them mentally and emotionally which have close links with physical wellness. If person is entirely and depressed they are more likely to endure physical wellness jobs, such as links to joint strivings, low immune system response, concerns, emphasis, anxiousness, bosom disease and dependences. These wellness jobs put strive on the NHS as these people are more likely to necessitate intervention from physicians, nurses, mental wellness workers and societal services. So the deficiency of societal networking in a individual s life could , in theory, be damaging to their wellness and hence be a immense impact on the lovingness profession, seting excess strain on the demands of the single carer. This is why I think it is of import for carers to cognize and understand the importance of societal webs. In the UK the public assistance province is a formal web which is run by the Government ( another formal web ) with the primary map of supplying services to the population. Formal webs play a really of import portion of society, they regulate the manner in which we live and work together, supplying a platform for regulations and ordinances to be enforced to profit the population. The formal web that is the NHS provides wellness attention professionals with the ability to run in a multi-disciplinary environment, to place, look into and supply wellness solutions. Formal webs particularly benefit the disadvantaged in society, such as aged patients who might necessitate nursing, residential and societal services. Religion is a web of educational and societal stance, which plays the function of learning values and ways of life. Depending on a individual s civilization, their faith can be a monolithic influence in ordering the manner they lead their lives, which sometimes clangs with the medical universe when it comes to intervention, for illustration some faiths ban blood transfusions, abortions and mercy killing. This has a great impact on the professional carer because they will hold to bear in head the patient s spiritual demands and happen an alternate intervention. It is of import for the carer to cognize approximately and understand spiritual ways in the modern twenty-four hours UK because we live in a multi-cultural, multiethnic society and it is of import for patient attention to esteem their beliefs and picks, and to orient their health care around their spiritual patterns and beliefs. Role theory is the sociological survey of function development, concerned with explicating what forces cause people to develop the outlooks of their ain and others behavioursaˆÂ ¦ [ 1 ] Each of us play functions, and each function has its ain set of features. For case, a pupil has texts to read, exams to fix for, but this might non impact their other functions such as female parent or male parent or married woman. Some people can non get by with excessively many functions because sometimes there is excessively much demand on the modern individual. In the yesteryear for illustration, one time a adult female was married with kids in this state, her chief functions were that of married woman and female parent, but presents adult females play more than these two functions. They can for illustration be a married woman, female parent, director, friend and goalkeeper of the ladies football nine. The functions you take on show the sort of individual you are. There is a difference between duties and functions. Society dictates how to act in certain functions, society has developed norms, and each function has norms to stay by. Everyone fits into a function and behaves consequently ; the function can be influenced by many factors such as gender, household, occupation rubric. A individual s place in the household web influences functions such as, the male parent figure is expected to supply. Roles tend to steal our individualism due to the outlooks of the function ; this means that because we are supposed to suit into these functions, society expects of us certain modus operandi. The carer will often handle patients who had a different societal upbringing to themselves. They must be accepting of their patient regardless of their beliefs and cultural beginnings, as carers have certain outlooks to run into. Carers are neer to assume person s socialization procedure to be like their ain, the outlooks placed on the carer by society are norms. Peoples need to be able to divide their functions in society but this is nt ever possible because some functions overlap. For each specific function there is an expected manner to move and act, which is really of import for wellness carers in the UK because they are looked up to and it is really of import for the patient carer relationship that the carer lives up the outlooks of their function. The function of the healthcare professional comes with great duties and responsibilities which aim for the best attention possible of their patients. The duties may be practical things such as doing beds and executing processs, but th ere are besides more interpersonal duties such as speaking to the patient, doing certain that they are cognizant of the client s physical and mental wellness and speaking to the household of the patient to discourse any possible safeguards to keep the patient s wellness in the hereafter. A holistic attack to medical pattern can greatly increase a patient s well-being, by looking at their psychological, societal, physical and religious provinces, and assisting the patient to be comfy and satisfied. It is really of import for the carer to develop a bond with their patient because the carer depends on keeping a high degree of regard from the patient. From this regard comes a trust and comfort between the patient and healthcare professional, where the patient will be more willing to portion information which could give a broader footing for the carer to do informed determinations. If the patient carer relationship is strong the patient will perchance react better to intervention because of the psychological effects of holistic attention. If a wellness attention professional was to of all time interrupt the bond of trust it would be more hard for the carer to give the patient the full benefit of their cognition and intervention. Hildegard Peplau was a nursing theoretician who created nursing theory of interpersonal dealingss, which helped to revolutionise the scholarly work of nurses. She created a theoretical account of seven nursing functions which helped in the development of the humane intervention of patients with mental wellness issues, but besides helped healthcare professionals to develop better curative nursing intercessions. Peplau s Seven Nursing Roles Peplau s Seven Nursing Roles illustrate the dynamic character functions typical to clinical nursing. StrangerA function: Receives the client the same manner one meets a alien in other life state of affairss ; provides an accepting clime that builds trust. ResourceA function: Answers inquiries, interprets clinical intervention informations, gives information. TeachingA function: Gives instructions and provides preparation ; involves analysis and synthesis of the scholar s experience. CounsellingA function: Helps client understand and incorporate the significance of current life fortunes ; provides counsel and encouragement to do alterations. SurrogateA function: Helps client clarify spheres of dependance, mutuality, and independency and Acts of the Apostless on clients behalf as advocator. Active leading: Helps client assume maximal duty for run intoing intervention ends in a reciprocally hearty manner. Technical expertA function: Provides physical attention by exposing clinical accomplishments ; Operates equipment[ 2 ] In decision I have demonstrated how the webs, households and functions affect people and how the cognition and apprehension of these is critical in assisting the healthcare professional dainty the individual as a whole, and non merely the physical symptoms. My personal position is that all of the factors impacting carers in this essay are really of import for them to hold cognition of and understanding, to the extent that I believe every professional in medical specialty and health care should be adequately educated and trained on the importance societal webs, the household and function theory. I think it is indispensable for health care professionals to be of all time cognizant of altering societal and cultural beliefs and ethical motives so that they are better equipped to handle and care for the multi-cultural society we now live in.

Communications - Single-loop & Double-loop Learning Essay

Communications - Single-loop & Double-loop Learning - Essay Example It is also possible to simply reject the basis of this goal since a great amount of experience has already been gained. It can be undertaken by an individual or even an organization. Learning regimes are helped essentially by the aligning of instruction and assessment methods with theoretical basis. Instruction takes care of the assessment methods and assessments in return discern the exact basis of a student’s repertoire with knowledge. Theories look after the different ways under which strategic basis is manifested. All of these help in jotting down the learning styles which are adopted by different students. It is a need to align the instruction needs and assessment methods in order to reap rich rewards for the students as per their learning regimes. This will essentially make them into learned individuals at the end of the day. Both instruction and assessment methods incorporate the element of learning from a long haul. The different educational paradigms that come into pl ay include the positivist, the constructivist and the critical – all of which support as well as obstruct the alignment process in essence. Supporting the alignment process would mean that the organization is getting the work done in a pretty easy fashion (Garette, 2001). On the other hand, obstructing the alignment process would entail its basis within the critical paradigm of educational discussions. Thus the paradigm basis will manifest the wrongdoings in a person or an entity so to speak. The type of paradigm that an organization uses depends a great deal on its kind of work. The usage of all these three educational paradigms would mean that there is a complete mesh and the organization will reap the benefits in the long run Chris Argyris has provided for a clear cut description of the single-loop and double-loop learning mechanisms which have been instrumental at highlighting how organizational learning has been studied in the time and age of today. This is in light of t he ever-changing mechanisms that are closely associated with organizational learning and how employees have been able to shape up their domains on a proactively consistent basis. This comes from the aegis of the organizations themselves where the top management realms play their significant roles. Modifying the goal is important because it tells an individual exactly how to reach the goal and thus achieve his long term objectives and desires. Same is not the case with single-loop learning where there has been witnessed an inability for the goal modification realms (Marsick & Watkins, 1996). These are some of the most discussed aspects that come under the realms of organizational learning and have been depicted in a number of examples in the past as well. One should believe that double-loop learning is much better because it is comprehensive and encloses a number of aspects when one compares the same with single-loop learning. It is a fact that any organization that allows learning t o come about in a natural fashion with its folds is an organization that knows how to run its varied processes and carry out relevant tasks in a quantifiable manner. What learning essentially does is to bring in the much touted value and quality

Sympathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sympathy - Essay Example The article uses this evocation in order to attract interest from stakeholders in the education and associated sectors to view the situation as demanding more attention that it is receiving. The chief claims are presented in the form of statistics and short, clear statements that do not require any further explanation. The clarity of the language used is helpful in attaining the targeted readership and sympathy. The article’s target audience is the stakeholders in the education sector who are called to act towards addressing the issue of drugs use among the school going teens. Among the target are the government organizations, non-governmental organizations, schools administrations, alumnuss organizations, the parents and the community at large. The article presents the issue of drug abuse as affecting the whole community and hence expound on the importance of collective action against the vise. It is from the sympathy that the article will raise among the targeted groups of people that actions will be taken towards saving the situation. The message in the article is both explicit and to some extent implicit. Although precisely and clearly communicated, the message also has some deeper meaning that is left for implication. The facts put forward in the article in the form of statistics are clear and to the point, they are easily understood and explicit. The reader, at once, is attracted to the importance of the articles by looking at the figures presented. However, to most of the stakeholders in the education sector, the article has a deeper implication than its face value. The possibility of the proportion of students using drugs increasing if nothing is done is one such implication. Being both implicit and explicit helps the article to evoke sympathy for the situation in two-folds. First, among the immediate readers

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and Essay

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and senate bill 17 - Essay Example The two bills that were discussed were the SB 11, the campus carry bill and SB 17, the open carry bill (Habib 43). The bills passed and forwarded to the committee and the Senate respectively for considerations to be done. The Texas Moms Demand Action Chapter for the American Presidents Gun Sense has been advocating some strict gun regulations (Hupp 45). The president has had the chance to testify at the end of the day opposing both the SB 11 and SB 17 bills. The bills operate by expounding the system of the state for hidden handgun licenses. The system allows for those who are over the age of 21 to pass a check on criminal background and complete the safety and proficiency training to be allowed to carry concealed handguns (Lott 18). The SB 11 bill if passed will allow for those who have qualified for a CHL to carry their guns even inside the classrooms of buildings on college campuses. Presently, those who hold the CHL may carry the guns on campus but they are not allowed to carry them on the college buildings. The laws on taxes also allow the holders to carry other long guns such as the shotguns and rifles (Smith 25). The SB 17 bill, on the other hand, will expand the existing laws to allow the CHL holders to carry their handguns openly. Consequently, the topic of whether those who hold CHL tend to be law abiding and safe is paramount for the lawmakers to put into consideration as they debate on passing the two bills (Ludwig and Lott 20). The Texas based public security department has also posted the conviction rates done to the CHL holders compared to the general population of Texas on their website that date way back from 1996. Although, the DPS does not in any case consider the convictions made to the CHL h olders to be final until a year elapses after the convictions have been made (Tanne 14). The time is given to allow appeals to be done and to generate the reports at

The Role of Women During the Crusades

The Role of Women During the Crusades The Crusades were a series of campaigns led by the Catholic Church. It took place in the Holy Land which was taken over by the Muslims. The Catholic Church urged the Catholic countries in Europe to send men and recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. The final crusade was the 9th crusade in the Middle East which concluded the entire campaign (Jones vii). After the wars were over many countries were struck with military problems. The effects of the Crusades werent all negative some aspects were positive like the prosperity of economic. Economic was flourishing during this time because all the ships had to pass through Italy. Therefore the entire tradesman came from the Crusades or the Muslims. Therefore the Italian Renaissance was ignited from the effects of the Crusades (Rosenthal, Joel T.). The effects of the Crusades werent only to the men in society, but also to the women. The Crusades created hardship for many common families in Europe and especially Women. Women during this pe riod had to lose their identity as women and go out and fight, they also had to do the role as a father and as the leader of the family, and due to the absence of the husband they took up arts and culture to fill up the missing gap in their lives without their husbands. Women had to go out and fight also in the Crusades to fill up for the dead soldiers. Although women are physically weaker than men they still went out to war. Both sides of the war, Muslim and Christian women both went out to fight. They werent usually the ones fighting out in the battlefield but protected the castle or the base from being attacked. Their effects were being like a defensive wall so that the Muslim soldiers could not overcome a base while the Crusaders were fighting. A problem aroused despite the good job the women were doing. When women appear while looking at men for a long time, the sexual desires of man appear, so the women who were the washer women and the cooks became prostitutes. So after the 2nd crusade the Church prohibited women to go out and help fight in the battles (Crusades-Encyclopedia). During their battles they found out that a major problem with the soldiers was their lack of hygiene. So after the 3rd crusade only washer women were allowed to go to t he battlefield to take care of the lice of the soldiers. The only reason they were allowed to go was because they were very old of age and none of the soldiers had sexual attractions to them (University of Michigan). Women who went to war were not only common women but also royalty. The powerful queen Eleanor of Aquitaine also participated in the war. Even though she was a queen of two countries and despite she was very important in Europe she led 300 female crusaders during the second crusade. The second crusade like the first was a complete failure and the blame went to Eleanor and her women soldiers. The blame was put on her for the supply train she needed to support here soldiers. In reality though, it wasnt her fault but the poor strategies and lack of moral from the men leaders. She was a perfect example of what women could accomplish later in the future (Jones 81). When men from a family went out to the crusades it usually lasted for a couple of years so the women took over the family and accomplished the jobs of the father. When the husband was around it was easy for the women since her jobs were very limited, but when the husband went out to the crusades women decided to send messages to their husbands. During busy times it was highly unlikely that the message would be properly sent so the importance of the women increased greatly. The women had to deal all sorts of problems which arose within the house and in society. Due to the lack of men the women was considered the head, temporarily. When the husband died during battle the wealth and the land would go to the women, therefore socially women became stronger (Free Articles Directory). In those times womens jobs were childbearing, marriage, and housework. Due to the absence of men women became socially active. Royal women for example managed their own courts and solving problems such as knig hts trying to take over the manor using the absence of the husband as an advantage. Despite the gender difference women still fended off men. Peasant women had to do strenuous physical activities to raise and feed the children. The ones who couldnt do these usually left all the material aspects behind and became religious. Due to being a woman they were forbidden from being a priest, so they became spiritual advisers, visionaries, or writers (Rosenthal, Joel T.). This showed that despite the fact that the men werent with them they were able to do things which men could do. This chance became a spark for the women in the renaissance period later in time. Since men were out due to the crusades, women were affected by the absence of the man in the family, to feel the missing gap in life; women took up arts and culture. One aspect of culture was literature. Literature in medieval Europe increased greatly especially in the urban areas. During the medieval times all the books and church scriptures were written in Latin. Therefore women had a chance to learn to read and be educated (Rosenthal, Joel T). To replace the absence of the husbands many women became Trobairitz. A trobairitz is a patroness of literature. They composed lyrics, poems and they recited to the people. They managed to copy books in different languages (Vanderbilt University | Nashville, Tennessee) .The second generations of the patronesses of literature were raised as patronesses of art. After teaching art to the second generation the reputation of the women enhanced (University of Michigan). The idea of being a patroness was not only open to normal people but to royalty also. Many queens became patronesses such as Eleanor of Castille. She was a queen in 1290 of England and was an active patroness of vernacular literature. The books she copied and wrote were about romances and bibliographies on saints (Google Docs). Another royalty was Marie de Champagne who was the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was an example of the offspring of many medieval women who raised their kids to be patronesses of the arts and cultures. She managed to write a lot of romance poetry, fables and moral tales (Fidel Fajardo-Acosta). These examples of how women became part of the male dominated society. By studying and learning women became knowledgeable which helped develop the country through culture and arts. The crusades although were bloody wars which killed many lives of the Europeans and the Muslims it helped women develop in a male dominated society. By taking over the manors and lands of the husband they learnt skills which they could never have learnt without the crusades. One of the biggest help the women did to society was taking up arts and literature. By taking these aspects it increased the status of the women, improved the literature and arts of the medieval period. When the men were out fighting women at the bases defended the walls and tended for the sick. Although Europe was a male dominating society and prejudice against women through these effects of the Crusades women became noticeable to society. This was the beginning of equality of men and women. MLA: Jones, Sydney. The Crusades: Biographies. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2005. vii. Print. Women Warriors During the Crusades. Crusades-Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Feb 2010. . Women-article. University of Michigan. Web. 16 Feb. 2010. . Jones, Sydney. The Crusades: Biographies. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2005. 81. Print. The role of women during the Crusades. Free Articles Directory | Submit Articles ArticlesBase.com. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. . Rosenthal, Joel T. Crusades. Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Trobairitz. Vanderbilt University | Nashville, Tennessee. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . Eleanor of Castille. Google Docs. 3 Sept. 2009. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. . Marie de France. Fajardo-Acosta.com. Fidel Fajardo-Acosta, 2001. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. .

Philosophy and Religion Essay -- essays research papers

The many religions of the world exhibit a large amount of different beliefs and philosophies. Some believe in many gods, some believe in just one god and yet there are those that believe in no god. One of the things that I agree with is that you can not love anything else unless you first learn to love and respect yourself. I also think that after one?s physical body is deceased, you become reincarnated. And lastly, I don?t recognize one god or overall being, but rather follow the example made by others. These are some religious elements I follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, you can not love anything unless you love yourself. If you go around with self hate and little confidence, it gives you no room for any other affection. Buddhism and Taoism also believe this. Buddhism emphasizes love for one?s self greatly, and believe that you can not accomplish anything in life unless you take care of your mind and body. After you achieve self contentment, you must learn to love all beings. I am concerned with loving nature, much like Taoism. We get our food, oxygen, clothing and everything else we need to survive from nature. Without it, we would not exist. You should also pay great respect and love to your family and elders. As with nature, without them we would never have come into being. They teach us lessons and morals of how to live our lives. Shintoism feels strongly about praising our elders. They think that basically our whole life should revolve around those w...

Change Initiative

Change Initiative George Tautz Grand Canyon University Organizational Development & Change MGT 623 Dr. Kensler March 17, 2010 Change Initiative Organizational change is a necessary outcome when considering various scenarios contributing to the resulting vision. Perplexing as it may seem, change initiatives don’t always result in positive outcomes. In fact, many never succeed. As a change agent, one should always have formulated a vision of what change will â€Å"look† like for the organization. One would be hard pressed to paint a landscape without having a vision of what the landscape should resemble. Yet, resistance to change usually becomes a significant factor contributing to an initiative’s failure. It is likely an implicit expectation to prepare for the advent of resistance and it consequences. A change agent’s tool box should contain a number of strategies which will support the process of change. Defining and re-defining the end result as well as the change process itself is a useful exercise in that clarity eventually overcomes obscure, poorly orchestrated attempts at invoking change. This paper will propose a change initiative designed for LC- an organization referenced previously in part I of a continuing anthology of LC’s attempts at facing change. Resistance to change will be examined within the context of how certain attributes of any successful change process operate to support or derail attempts at managing a successful change initiative. Managing change requires a vision which supports a renewal process (Moran & Brightman, 2001). Change doesn’t (or shouldn’t) occur for the sake of change. The stress which change places upon an organization isn’t likely to justify the price in terms of its effect on the people which make up the organization. Rather, change should be gauged in terms of its resultant ability to adapt to the needs of the organization’s external and internal customers (Burke, 2002). This should serve as the premise for any organizational change initiative. It is, therefore, the basis for any vision attributable to recognizing that the needs of an organization’s constituents is not being served or met. In practice, such a realization not only forms the basis for a vision of change, but also incites and solicits aberrant behavioral reactions by employees who are responsible for its implementation. Research and anecdotal examples support the fact that an initiative’s success or failure ultimately relies upon whether or not employees get in back of an initiative or stand in its way (Scheck & Kinicki, 2000). As mentioned, employee resistance is an integral component of a scenario for failure if not managed appropriately. Rampant cynicism portends what could ultimately become an abbreviated attempt at change. Symptomatic responses to resistance include withdrawal as well as decrements in performance criteria (Weeks, Roberts, Chonko, & Jones, 2004). Resistance does not necessarily have to be exclusively negative. However, it needs to be planned for and managed upon presentation. Whatever change is envisioned for LC, there must also be a strategy for harnessing employee reactions of uncertainty and control loss. In the case of LC, the precise vision of what the final outcome of change should be must be tempered by alternative strategies necessary to address resistance. In LC’s case, the vision is to become a more responsive organization able to adapt faster to environmental changes. A change in priorities coupled with an extinction of misdirected goals and objectives will require LC to utilize the coalition of support described previously in tandem with the overall goal of reviving the organization’s viability. Trusting management is an important component to the change process. If change is not managed well, employees will inevitably mistrust management. This leads to anger as well as cognitive resistance which is questioning the very need for change in the first place. Interestingly enough, too much poor quality information results in an overall exacerbation of resistance linked symptomology (Allen, Jimmieson, Bordia, & Irmer, 2007). The perceived quality of information offered greater chances for a successful initiative. This is more or less intuitive. So then, what is the best way to provide good quality information? Fortunately for LC, the mechanism is already in place. The coalition set up for LC will serve an instrumental role in developing, analyzing, and disseminating information to the rank and file employees at LC. However, it should be pointed out that the initial selection of coalition team members may prove to be one of the most important aspects of the change initiative. Poorly selected, unqualified or otherwise circumspect individuals who â€Å"leech† their way onto a planning and implementation team such as this one, tend to force more attention onto their own needs rather than on the needs of the organization. A further refinement is in order, however. What must be understood is the observation that employees tend to react differently to quality information based on its source. The reason for this apparent discordant phenomenon has to do with employees perceiving communications emanating from senior management as one way- not two way. One way communication channels do not allow the employee to ask questions. Two way channels offer two way communication. Therefore, the most ideal make up of the coalition team should be senior management as well as supervisors. Proceeding further, it should also be understood that the overall make up of the coalition should consist of experts contributing information appropriate to their expertise. Certainly, a coalition of change agents in a hospital setting, for example, would not do well if we included the landscaping staff whose contribution would be marginal at best to a positive outcome relating to decreasing mortality rates within the institution. In conclusion, trust in management is one of the most important contributing factors when considering the likelihood of resistance to change. To enhance trust, management should form a coalition of experts as well as line supervisors for the purpose of putting forth accurate information. The strategic initiative for LC is to promote a change in how the organization conducts its business. Sweeping changes are proposed which will resonate within all areas of the organization. Immunity from inclusion is unlikely even for the most obscure, entrenched employee. Change will re-define how LC presents its service delivery model to both internal and external clients. In order to garner support for change, LC must communicate to the employees what is being done and why. The company must offer an opportunity for a two way dialogue in order to circumvent employee cynicism. There are specific well orchestrated reasons for selecting the various team members. For example, all the major operations divisions should be represented since whatever is implemented will have far reaching effects on every division of the organization. The change initiative will determine how each division is accountable to the overall mission of the organization. Developing a vision for change is an important step for the change agent to engage in. Without clarity, it is unlikely that change will occur successfully. References Allen, J. , Jimmieson, N. L. , Bordia, P. , & Irmer, B. E. (2007). Uncertainty during organizational change: Managing perceptions through communication. Journal of Change Management, 7(2), 187-210. Burke, W. (2002). Organization Change: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moran, J. W. , & Brightman, B. K. (2001). Leading organizational change. Career Development International, 6(2), 111-118. Scheck, C. L. , & Kinicki, A. J. (2000). Identifying antecedents of coping with an organizational acquisition: A structural assessment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 627-648. Weeks, W. A. , Roberts, J. , Chonko, L. B. , & Jones, E. (2004). Individual readiness for change, individual fear of change, and sales manager performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 24, 7-17.

Lab report on Paper Chromatography essays

Lab report on Paper Chromatography essays 3. Materials and constituents page 5 The purpose of this lab report is to explain what exactly happened to the labs, the time that the experiment was executed and apply the results and conclusions that were deduced. Also, specify the errors that might have happened during the execution of the experiment. In the following experiment is going to be proved that a paper can separate a mixture of colours and that every colour reacts with a different way when put onto the paper strip. Chromatography is the name given to a method, which is very widely used for the separation of mixtures of chemicals and biochemicals, that depends on how fast a substance moves in a stream of gas or liquid past a stationary material to which the substance may be slightly attracted. Chromatography serves mainly as a tool for the examination and separation of mixtures of chemical substances. Chromatography is using a flow of solvent or gas to cause the components of a mixture to migrate differently from a narrow starting point in a specific medium. It is used for the purification and isolation of various substances. A chromatographically pure substance is the result of the separation. Because purification of substances is required to determine their properties, chromatography is an indispensable tool in the sciences concerned with chemical substances and their reactions. Chromatography is also used to compare and describe chemical substances. The chromatographic sequence of sobbed substances is related to their atomic and molecular structures. A change in a chemical substance produced by a chemical or biological reaction often alters the solubility and migration rate. With this knowledge, alterations or changes can be detected in the substance. In all chromatographic separations, there is an important relationship between the solvent, the chromatography paper, and the mixture. For a p...

The Beast of Society essays

The Beast of Society essays The book Lord of the Flies by William Golding captures the faults and childish actions of adults and their so called sophisticated governments of today. The book reveals the government as malicious manifestations of human nature. At the beginning of the book the boys establish a miniature controlled government with leaders, hunters, shelter builders and the conch, which is the symbol of power. The boys at the beginning still have their youthful innocence so they take the idea of a government lightly, and with the best of intentions. When the boys establish power the toy of voting was almost as pleasing as the conch, which is not an unusual reaction for participants in a new government (pg 22). As the novel continues, the boys become more and more wrapped up in their own power and in the government system. They become determined to kill the beast, which they believe to be the evil monster. The children become more and more gluttonous and they begin to go into killing frenzies. They ki ll an innocent sow, which is described in the literature, which symbolizes a violent rape. Once this killing is done the head of the sow, mounted on a stick sharpened on both ends, tells Simon, You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? Close, close, close! Im the reason why its no go? Why things are the way they are? (pg 193). This quote shows that the beast, the evil that the boys had been trying so hard to avoid or kill, is actually themselves. At the end of the book the boys have basically gone to war with Ralf, and destroyed the island and their resources with a great fire, which would be equivalent to a bomb. When Ralf runs out of the forest, he sees the naval officer clean cut with a sub-machine gun and cruiser. Ralf realizes that this barbaric awful behavior isnt just confined to their little island, but is human nature, and Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, a...

Compare and Contrast Two Types of Business Ownership Term Paper

Compare and Contrast Two Types of Business Ownership - Term Paper Example The owner of a sole proprietorship type of business only needs to register his/her name and get a good location, and the business can begin after this process. He is fully liable for all the debts and profits incurred; if a sole proprietor gets into a financial crisis, the creditors can sue the owner of the business, and if this lawsuit is successful, the business owner will pay all the debts. Sole proprietorship has no entity separate from the owner; this means that if the business owner signs a contract, it will only be under his name. Advantages of a sole proprietorship business include the facts that formation of the business is quite inexpensive and easy, carrying very minor formalities since it involves only one person. Employment tax is not charged on sole proprietorship types of businesses and owners exercise a lot of freedom since they may â€Å"freely mix business and personal assets† (Spadaccini, 2007, p.5). However, despite being the easiest type of business to sta rt, sole proprietorship has a number of disadvantages. These include the facts that sole proprietors cannot raise capital by selling interests from the business, business liabilities and other personal liabilities for debts and losses are unlimited, and it is quite impossible for the business to continue, if the owner passes away. Sole proprietorship can either be terminated by contract or if the owner dies. In case the sole proprietor gives up the business, sells it, or passes away, the existence of the business ceases (â€Å"Types of Business Ownership,† n.d.). Spadaccini defines partnership as â€Å"a business organization formed when two or more persons or entities come together to operate a business for profit† (2007, p.5). Partnership can be formed through... This report stresses that the partnership type of business ownership has a number of advantages. This comes from the facts that, just like sole proprietorship, the kind of business is very inexpensive and easy for the partners to start, since they are able to consolidate their resources together. The business involves very minor formalities and does not hold any annual general meetings. Taxation is very fair on partnerships involving small businesses, and the business is free from charges such as minimum taxes that are usually charged on Limited Liability Companies and corporations. The author of the paper talks about partnerships which have a number of disadvantages. These include partner’s subjection to unlimited personal liability, which is very common, except in cases where the partnerships and liabilities are limited. Partnership types of businesses also experience disputes from time to time arising from differences among the different partners and finally â€Å"Individu al partners bear responsibility for the actions of other partners†. There are various similarities and differences between sole proprietorship and partnership types of business ownership. This essay makes a conclusion that sole proprietorship and partnership types of business ownership share a number of similarities. However, the ways in which both businesses are formed and the way they operate are different.

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example In essence, the policies that healthcare organizations are supposed to follow are derived from healthcare legislation. Healthcare laws or regulations operationalize the healthcare industry in which healthcare organizations function. Additionally, the healthcare laws or regulations, aim at protecting patients from being exploited by healthcare organizations (Hammaker & Tomlinson 23). Firstly, through healthcare laws or regulations, healthcare organizations observe patient confidentiality, and avoid disclosing a patient’s treatment information without the patient’s consent. If laws and regulations governing patient confidentiality were non-existent, then healthcare organizations would disclose patient records without consent. Secondly, the laws or regulations force healthcare organization to prioritize a patient’s health instead of focusing on profit making. Thirdly, the laws or regulations affect healthcare organizations in that organizations are obliged to follow ethical procedures when conducting research on new drugs. The absences of the laws would result in healthcare organizations unethically trying out new drugs whose side effects are unclearly on human beings, which can turn out to be detrimental (Hammaker & Tomlinson 33). In conclusion, various healthcare laws and regulations affect how healthcare organizations function within the healthcare sector. Ultimately, the laws and regulations gear towards ensuring that healthcare organizations are honest, ethical and professional when bringing health to the

Toys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Toys - Essay Example It is obvious that the trend in girls’ toys is to be pink and beauty related, whereas the boys’ toys are related to technology and building. It seems that toy companies nowadays make distinctions for us over which toys are suitable for girls and which for boys. However, Francis does not take into the consideration of supply and demand interaction in the market. Looking at the supply side, toy companies only produce their products that are selling in the market. Companies are the chief architects of branding, naming and choreographing the graphics that appear on the toy boxes. Children sometimes have no choice and essence their parents have to make a decision for them. Manufacturers and parents are directly responsible for the gender stereotyping experienced in the society today. It is, therefore, imperative to note that gender biased toys can be blamed both on the manufacturers and parents. In the past days, manufacturers did not take into consideration the branding style or what audience they were targeting with the toys. Everything that was in the toys represented the interests of the children of both genders. Later in the days, as Lepkowska notes, toys got different meanings altogether (Lepkowska, 1). In fact, there were some toys that were only left for the boys and the others were left for the girls. Lepkowska argues that the toys for the girls helped them manage their emotions impedance while the toys for the boys helped in improving technical skills as they advanced through the stages of adulthood. A research done to verify these claims would suggest otherwise. However, pundits have argued that the increased stereotyping by manufacturer warrants an in-depth analysis of the role of toys in gender gaps experienced in the society today (Day, 1). The manufacturers of toys are to take responsibility in the increased gender gaps with respect to their production and final delivery to the market. There are those toys that are produced that are

Jack London and His Wild Side Essay Example for Free

Jack London and His Wild Side Essay Many of Jack Londons novels have the unique characteristic of portraying survival of the fittest, the humanizing of animals, and a contrast of savagery and civility in their protagonists. Subsistence was the number one priority for heroes and villains in many of Londons books. This quest for existence and life was a difficult one in the harsh environments Jack London favored as settings in his books. Therefore survival of the fittest was the law and it sparked the transitions between savagery and civility in its wake. Those affected were traditionally the lone animal heroes prevalent as protagonists in Londons works. To portray these characters, the humanizing of them was a necessary and well-employed tactic that London also utilizes to hold the readers interest. As most of Londons works take place in the wild, it is only natural that his heroes and heroines should be individualists to be able to survive. They challenge the wrath of nature, and those who are strong enough generally live (Ludington). Although the natural world plays a grim role in Londons works, it plays no favorites, and requires those existing in it to meet its demands. This proves to be a central conflict and consistent theme in many works. To Build a Fire demonstrates the conflict of Man versus Naturereveal[ing] Londons sense of the awesome appearance of Nature, sometimes harsh but always impressive (McEwen). On Londons famous novel, White Fang, Earle Labor comments it is structured on ideas rather than upon myth, [it] is a sociological fable intended to illustrate Londons theories of environmentalism (79). Londons works focused on what he considered his philosophy of life. Through his canine protagonists in The Call of the Wild and other books, he expresses the themes of survival, courage, strength, determination, and respect for the truth (McEwen). Jack Londons so-called Klondike Heroes were an independent but still compassionate group who showed respect to the eternal laws of nature and to the overwhelming presence of conscience (Labor 50). Those who took to these values and lived by them at the very least survived, and at the most became leaders of their surroundings. In The Call of the Wild, Buck is snatched from an easy life and submitted to brutal treatment and a harsh environment in the Klondike, [and only] survives because he is the superior individual (Ludington). The dogs learned that kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law. Almost above these laws is Buck. When he was made, the mould was broke, says Pete, a sleigh driver in the book (Ashley). The dog was not instantly a leader however, he first overcomes terrible hardships and falls into brutal skirmishes with both men and other animals, displaying the level of courage and cunning required in Jack Londons philosophy to become a hero (McEwen). Among the lessons learned by Buck are treachery and nobility, faithfulness unto death, and a conviction that moral nature is a vain thing and a handicap in the ruthless struggle for existence' (Ashley). Part I of The Call of the Wild, the most naturalisticsection of the book, deals with physical violence and amoral survival of the dogs which paves the way for their progression into the heroes that London wished to portray them as (Labor 73). In Londons book The Sea Wolf, Wolf Larsen is an arrogant individualist who survives for awhile on an island without many provisions. Though he later perishes, supposedly as an indirect result of his moral flaws, his prolonged existence on the island can only be attributed to his admiral strength and skill- two characteristics that London holds in high esteem (Ludington). These are, however, not the only traits necessary to survive in a harsh environment as London stresses in In a Far Country. Survival of the fittest is expressed as not only a matter of physical fitness, but also of ethical integrity (Labor 53). Individualism, though sometimes detrimental to the character, is also a major theme in many of Londons works. Few persons who have ever encountered his work can totally forgetthe lost miner who wanders across the Arctic waste land in a nightmarish odyssey of starvation and exposure, sustained solely by an incredible will to live; or either of the magnificent dogs: Buck, captivated by the call of the Northland Wild, and White Fang, tamed by the loving-kindness of a gentler master. (Labor 49) Wolf Larsen, in The Sea Wolf, goes beyond survival to domination. He is the captain and master of his vessel and its crew. What gets in his way goes overboard whether its a scullion or his first mate. Larsens motives of ambition and absolute superiority dominate his character to form a totally different connection between him and his pack than did Buck with his (Sandburg 30). Another dominant theme in Londons works is the humanizing of animals. By giving animals characteristics of a man, basically personifying them, London makes it easier and more enjoyable for the reader to relate to the animals situation. His ability to have the reader connected with creatures, to have the reader peer into their minds and hearts, makes their struggles, triumphs, and defeats all the more poignant (McEwen). Both The Call of the Wild and White Fang are beast fables because they provoke peoples interest -whether we know it or not- in the human experience, not in the plight and hardships of lower animals (Labor 69). Buck, in The Call of the Wild, takes on an almost human personality, not because of his actions or thoughts but because the reader can see his thoughts and understand his actions (McEwen). The difference is [the books] radical departure from the conventional animal story in style and substance- the manner in which it is overdetermined in its multilayered meaning, letting readers understand the dogs better than they may understand themselves (Labor 72). Not only are dogs humanized in Londons canine novels, but the humans are significantly de-humanized. This personification of animals gives them very flexible personalities than those of the humans, which tend to lack depth. This reversal of roles makes it entirely possible for the dogs, which are even given names, to be characters in the sense that the humans of the novels will never achieve. Even Judge Miller, by whose Santa-Clara, California, fireside the young Buck lay in innocence and peace before he was dognapped, has more of a function than a character at all. The humans in The Call of the Wild such as John Thornton, Black Burton, and other bad guys are stock characters for which the reader provides their qualities from other reading rather than discover them in the novel (Ashley). The only real character is the dog who displays the humility and natural wisdom which the man fatally lacks: Its instinct told it a truer tale than was told to the man by the mans judgementThe dog did not know anythingBut the brute had its instinct (Labor 64). Perhaps the most dominant and glaringly obvious message in Londons work is the conflict of savagery versus civility and the transgressions and progressions between the two. In a letter Jack London wrote to George Brett in 1904, explained the plan behind his book White Fang. He decided to compose a complete antithesis and companion book: Im going to reverse the process. Instead of devolution or decivilization of a dog, Im going to give evolution, the civilization of a dog- development of domesticity, faithfulness, love, morality, and all the amenities and virtues (Labor 78-79). The noble dogs in White Fang and The Call of the Wild revolt against their roots. White Fang shifts from an untamed life in the wild to one of civilization, while Buck eventually turns on his domestic background towards the wilderness (McEwen). The law of club and fang present in many of Londons wilderness novels is approached and embraced by Buck and cast away for a tamer life by White Fang (Ashley). The Call of the Wild is a study of one of the most curious and profound motives that plays hide-and-seek in the human soul. The more civilized we become the deeper is the fear that back in barbarism is something of the beauty and joy of life we have not brought along with us (Sandburg 29). So it is in fact, not all transgression for Buck, he gains something a domestic being could never achieve. On the other hand, White Fang, too, involves contrasting values: life, love, civilization, the Southland; and the protagonist dogs progression towards these (Labor 79). Although the most noticeable transformations in Londons novels are in that of animals, the civil to savage metamorphosis is well-developed in humans too (McEwen). Among [Londons] various studies of the Northnothing will set you thinking about how far the human race has progressed, the gulf between savagery and civilization, than the tale of Nam Bok the Unveracious. (Sandburg 29). In Nam Bok the Unveracious, Nam Bok, after an absence of many years returns to his isolated fishing village on the shores of Alaska. Late into the night they talk, and Nam Bok, who has been to California, tells them he has been upon a boat larger than all the boats of the village in one; he describes the sails of the vessel and the avers it made head against the wind as well as with it; he describes an iron monster that sped upon two streaks of iron faster than the wind, was fed up on black stones, coughed fire, and shrieked louder than thunder. Early the next morning he is informed that his sense of truth is mournfully degenerate. Their message runs this wise: Thou art from the shadow-land, O Nam Bok. With us thou canst stay. Thou must return whence thou camest, to the land of the shadows. So much for Nam Bok. (30) The raging forces of human and natural forces that battle in these works erode the layers of civilization to reveal the glimpse of the most primeval impulses inherent in men and their environments (McEwen). When a being is thrust into an unfamiliar environment, it must learn to adapt to and coexist with everything around it. In The Sea Wolf, Wolf Larsen eventually dies despite his strength and skills; he was an utterly egotistical an immoral character on an isolated island. Londons point was that Wolf could not have survived in a modern society with the traits he possessed. Buck, on the other hand, is returned to the wild from a tamed existence. He eventually joins a pack of wolves, but he is at the head because of the combination of intelligence he gained in the civilized world and the strength he acquired as part of his transgression to primeval instinct and the wild (Ludington). Even when ill treatment has the adverse affect of not taming Buck but sparking his change, he shows what dog (and man) can do to get past its hardships and become a leader (Ashley). His mistreatment was not the only factor in Bucks transformation, the sense of a call back to nature and her primal sanities is felt by even the rankest degenerate, this is the cal of the wild (Sandburg 29). And with a fitting ending, The Call of the Wild closes: When the long winter nights come on and the wolves follow their meat into the lower valleys, he may be seen running at the head of the pack through the pale moonlight or glimmering borealis, leaping gigantic above his fellows, his great throat a-bellow as he sings a song of the younger world, which is the song of the pack. (Ashley) Throughout these novels, there can be seen a pattern of the same prevalent three prevalent themes. Each interrelated with one another, forming the same types of scenarios, and the same consistent fantastic plots that made Londons works famous. The main characters discovery of themselves sets in motion the readers own self-discovery. The fact that this lesson lies in the lives of canines and not other humans is the true test of Londons ability to humanize animals. In the end this combination forms for a more potent emotional attachment to these dogs than to any other type of fictional character. All these attest to Londons novels being viewed as timeless classics. Works Cited Ashley, Leonard R. N. The Call of The Wild: Overview. Reference Guide to American Literature. 3rd ed. Ed Jim Kamp. St. James Press, 1994. [Galenet] Labor, Earle. Jack London. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1974. Ludington, Townsend. Jack London: Overview. Reference Guide to American Literature. 3rd ed. Ed Jim Kamp. St. James Press, 1994. [Galenet] McEwen, Fred. Jack London: Overview. Twentieth-Century Young Adult Writers. 1st ed. Ed Lauren Sandley Berger. St. James Press, 1994. [Galenet] Sandburg, Charles A. Jack London: A Common Man. Critical Essays on Jack London. By Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1983.

The Emergence Of The Role Theory

The Emergence Of The Role Theory Role theory is a conceptual framework with long history in the field of Foreign policy analysis. In order to explain and understand the foreign policy of nation states, the role theory focuses on the reasoning of national political elites, their explanation of the international system and their own states role within this larger system. Despite its conceptual stringency, methodological openness and rich empirical applications, the role theory seems to be neglected by the main stream scholars. Role theory as we said is a long established conceptual tool for the foreign policy analysis. While the role theory analytical potential is high, only recently we have witnessed its revival. Role theory first attracted attention in the foreign policy literature after the publication of Holstis  [1]  study of national role conceptions. Role theory had been in development for nearly four decades in Sociology, Social Psychology and Anthropology by this time. Holsti didnt import much of the conceptual or theoretical language associated with role theory. He chose to focus on the simple idea that the Self, in this case the leaders of the state may hold a set of beliefs or images about the identity of the state. Also, a social psychologist of the sociological variety  [2]  suggested that Holstis article may well be an example where borrowing a theory has paid off. These national role conceptions were shaped the way that a state acted by it in the international system level. The objective of this paper is to present a role theory as a theoretical and conceptual tool for the analysis of the foreign policy. This paper will divide into parts. First part introduces the intellectual sources and inspiration of the role theory. The second part introduces the assumptions of the role theory, and then Ill mention the key concepts offered by the theoretical conceptual framework of the role theory. The third part summarizes the criticism of International Relations theorists towards formulation of the role theory. The fourth part explores briefly how we can integrate foreign policy analysis and international relation through role theory. The emergence of the Role Theory and its intellectual sources: Role theory was first introduced in 1970 by Kalevi Holsti in his article National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy. In 1970, Holsti criticized the unnecessarily crude shape of the national roles and too strong pre occupation with national role types relevant to then structural conditions such as bloc, leader, satellites, allies, and non-aligned. Such typology ignores the great set of roles that smaller states play in the system and in different regions  [3]  . At a time of structuralism analysis of foreign policy, Holsti tries to refocus the attention of the discipline towards the domestic sources of foreign policy behavior. Role theory has been inspied by sociological and social psychological theories about the role of individual in the society  [4]  . Holsti drew heavily on Meads symbolic inter action  [5]  long before Wendt picked symbolic inter action as a core principle of his constructivist theory. Holsti relies on George H. Mead and his study of the impact of the behavior of others on an individuals self conceptions and his conceptual distinctions between the self and the change. Symbolic inter action remains the most important source of inspiration for role theorists up until today. Social psychological and sociological theories about the role of individual in the society are applied in the explanation of the behavior of the state. Role theorists argue that by providing the sense of purpose of the state in international community, national role conceptions concede the state with a sense of selfhood and identity. Without the sense of identity, individuals cant order their environments and they will find that the social behavior becomes difficult to understand and manage  [6]  . According to Chaftez, the same process occurs within the states. In this sense, role theory is just another example of anthropomorphic theory  [7]  . It is built around an anthropomorphic assumption that we can draw an analogy between individuals in the society and the state. This assumption some would say chicanery allows us to import social psychological and sociological theories into the disciplines of international relations and foreign policy analysis. At the same time the role theory steers clear of the trap of treating states as some kind of unitary actors. After explaining the origin of role theory and knowing the main scholars and intellectuals ideas of the theory. Ill explain the main assumptions that theory depend on. Theoretical assumption of the role theory: This part tries to identify the assumptions of the role theory which are the epistemological and ontological and its position in contemporary theoretical debates. The starting point is the classification of approaches to the study of foreign policy by Walter Carlsnaes  [8]  . In line with the categories developed by Hollis and Smith  [9]  , Carlsnaes distinguishes four basic approaches to the study of foreign policy according to their epistemological assumptions which are objectivism versus interpretativism and ontological assumptions versus individualism. Objectivist holistic approach such as various strands of realism and neo realism offer a structural perspective on the foreign policy. Objectivist individualist approaches such as bureaucratic politics approaches and liberal approach see the foreign policy from the agency based perspective. On the intersection between holism and interpretativism lie the approaches such as: social constructivism or discursive approaches representing the social institutional perspective. Hollis and Smith distinguish explanation and understanding as two basic epistemological positions. Explanatory approach is inspired by natural sciences and looks for causal relations within the social reality. On the other side interpretivists rely on reconstructing inter subjective meaning of that structure for the subjects of interests. The goal of interpretativism is to reconstruct and understand the way people make sense of the social reality and on this ground understand the behavior of individuals and groups. While some authors argue that the two theoretical questions are interrelated as ontological position predestined the epistemological choice  [10]  , Carlsnaes agrees with Hollis and Smith that ontology doesnt entail epistemology and thus we can distinguish four basic combinations of theoretical perspectives. After that, itll be better to explain the meaning of the two assumptions which are epistemology and ontology in details to form the whole image in our minds about the role theory. Epistemology The epistemological position of the role theory is quite clear according to Carlsnaes. It is an example of interpretative perspective. Role theory seems to favor domestic sources of foreign policy and at the same time given its roots in symbolic interactionism, role theory produces interpretative knowledge rather than casual explanations. Role theory allows us to reconstruct the meaning attributed to national role by the domestic elite individual national foreign policy makers  [11]  . Carlsnaes classification shows the original analytical intentions of those who formulate the role theory. According to Stephen Walker, role theory offers a thick description. The theoretical function of role theory isnt codifying abstract regularities but to make thick description possible, not to generalize across cases but to generalize within them. In line with its epistemological underlying, role theory is more suitable for answering the How possible questions rather than the Why questions. Role theory follows the principles of interpretative which examine the background of social and digressive practices and meanings which make possible the foreign policy practices as well as the social actors themselves, how meanings are produced and attached to various social subjects and objects thus constituting particular interpretive disposition which create certain possibilities and exclude others. Ontology Walter Carlsnaes, following Hollis and Smith distinguishes two basic ontological positions: holism and individualism. Holism holds that the effects of social structures cant be reduced to independently existing agents and their interactions, and that these effects include the construction of agents in both causal and constitutive senses  [12]  . The dynamics of social systems can always be tracked to the evolutionary changes on the level of self reproducing structures  [13]  . On the other side individualists claim that individuals are ontologically primary, all social phenomena as institutions, norms and cultue are intended or unintended consequences of aggregated behavior of the individuals. Social scientific explanations should be reducible to the properties or interactions of independently existing individuals. Walter Carlsnaes puts the role theory unambigously into the individualist box. The role theoretical analyzes focus on the reasoning of individual national foreign policy makers. Role theory exemplifies the bottom up individualist interpretative approach which is concerned to understand decisions from the standpoint of the decision makers by reconstructing their reasons. Holsti and most of the empirical applications of his conceptual framework didnt incorporate role prescriptions of external expectation and their empirical analyses focus solely on the domestic sources of national roles. Conceptual framework of the role theory: Its better to divide the concepts of the role theory into three categories which are: National role conceptions, which are better one role or many roles and other concepts of the role theory. National role conceptions Role theory explains the foreign policy behavior by exploring the roles played by individual countries in international level. The conceptual framework of the role theory has evolved through time as new concepts have been added. The key concept of the role theory is national role conception introduced by Holsti. He defines the national role conception as the policymakers have definitions of the general kinds of decisions, commitments, rules and actions suitable to their state and its the function of any state that should perform on a continuing basis in the international system or in subordinate regional systems. Its the image of the appropriate orientations or functions of their state or in the external environment  [14]  . This definition has been widely accepted by other role theorists. For example Ulrich Krotz thirty years later defines the national role conceptions as domestically shared views and understandings regarding the proper role and purpose of ones own state as a so cial collectivity in the international arena  [15]  . National role conceptions induce preferences and motivate wills, goals and actions. Often interests and policies that derive from National role conceptions are viewed as normal and right within the respective country. According to Le Prestre, the articulation of a national role betrays preferences, operations of an image of the world, triggers expectations and influences the definition of the situation and of the available options  [16]  . At the same time, national role conceptions make certain interests and policy options intuitively implausible, categorically exclude them as wrong or unacceptable or make them unthinkable. National role conceptions are a product of domestic socialization processes and they give meaning and purpose to the foreign policy. One role or many roles Glen Chafetz notes that actors usually have multiple roles that various in overall importance centrality and according to the situation salience. This argument is supported by Holstis original empirical analysis. He confirms that on the lowest level of a day to day politics actors normally have several different roles in the international system and its subsystems. Role theory reflects the arguments made by James March and Johan Olsen that humans maintain a repertoire of roles and identities each providing rules of appropriate behavior in situations for which they are relevant  [17]  . On the other side some researchers adopt the single role assumption that the foreign policy as such is on the highest plane guided by a shared, historically constituted role vision of a national mission which is relatively stable and coherent across time, context and circumstances. The analysis of such dominant, overarching shared view, understanding regarding the proper role and purpose of ones own state as a social collectivity in the international arena can be challenged for being overly generalizing. By looking for common thing in the national elites world views and visions of the national mission, we get that one inevitably puts aside differences in the political elites foreign policy priorities. On the other side the single role assumption allows us to trace and explain patterns in the foreign policy of the state and identify ideas discourse shared even among national politicians with different political preferences in foreign policy making. Other concepts of the role theory Even though the national role conception represents the key concept of the role theory it isnt the only concept. While the national role conception is an egos own conception of his position and function, the term role prescription has been introduced to capture the alters prescriptions. Holsti defined role prescriptions as norms and expectations cultures, societies, institutions or groups attach to particular positions. Role prescriptions emanate from the external environment. In the constructivist language role prescriptions are interred subjectively shared norms and expectations which form the social structure of the international system. Even though the term role prescriptions has been introduced in the role theory since its very beginning, the structural source of the role prescriptions has been sidelined and hardly utilized in role theoretical empirical analyzes. It took some time before role theorists acknowledged the analytical value of the role prescriptions and of the struct ural dimension of the role theory. Contemporary role theorists not only acknowledge on a theoretical level that roles are determined both by an actors own conceptions about appropriate behavior and by the expectations or role prescriptions of other actors but they include role prescriptions into the design of their empirical analyses. The inclusion of the role prescriptions into the research design is in line with the tenets of symbolic interactionism and with the constructivist arguments that roles are institutionalized in social structure. Stephen Walker a Sheldon Simon introduced another structural concept into the framework of the role theory: role set  [18]  . Role sets can be defined as a set of actors positioned as significant others and the web of mutual roles in the system. It is a web of mutual expectations which according to Walker and Simon represent a dynamic and interconnected system. The last term is national role performance. National role performance denotes concrete foreign policy decisions and actions. National role performance encompasses the attitudes decisions and actions governments take versus other actors in order to implement the role. Empirical analyzes relying on the concept national role conceptions usually rely on the single role assumption, they try to discover domestically shared ideas about the purpose and role of the state in international arena and they try to illustrate. The term role set is simply denoting the set of roles played by a particular state versus the spectrum of other actors explain the continuity in the foreign policy behavior of national role performance. On the other side analyzes operationalizing the concept of role prescriptions are better equipped to capture and explain changes in roles and role performance of foreign policy behavior. For example: Walker and Simon claim that actors do from time to time experience role conflict. Role conflict is defined as a situation in which multiple roles are elicited by competing or conflicting expectations, cues and conceptions. This conflict can have the form of a clash between contradicting national role conceptions and role prescriptions or as a clash between two competing role prescriptions. Walker and Simon convincingly argue that the structure of the role set is a product of this role location process as countries enact roles and attempt to cope with role conflict. If individual member of the system in an attempt to solve his own role conflict and changes the role he plays in the system then the whole role set changes as other members of the change their roles and expectations in respons e. The criticism of the role theory: In line with Carlsnaes classification of the role theory as an individualist interpretative approach, International Relation constructivists treat the role theory as an actor based perspective. Alexander Wendt who praises the role theory for introducing symbolic inter actionism into the field criticizes Holsti for emphasizing the agentic role taking side of the equation at the expense of the structural, role constituting side which strips the concept of role of much of its interest. Similarly Audie Klotz criticizes Holsti for excessive focus on individual motivation and cognition at for ignoring the congruence in shared norms which form the backbone of dominant ideas and knowledge. To summarize the critique, International Relation constructivists castigate the role theory for orientation on subjective rather than inter subjective ideas. Role theory seems to forget that national identity and role is not only about inner experience of the state in elite national role conceptions but al so about the structure of expectations of the wider international environment role prescriptions. Wendt and other critics are to some extent different and right. The theoretical and conceptual model introduced by Holsti in fact incorporates not only actor centered national role conceptions domestically shared visions about the role and purpose of the state in international arena but also structural role prescriptions expectations of others. But this socio psychological theoretical model wasnt fully translated into Holstis design for a foreign policy analysis. Even though role the agent society relationship plays a crucial role in the original Meads social psychological theory, Holsti depreciated the impact of society on the formation of national roles in the international context. In his words the expectations of other governments, legal norms expressed through custom, general usage, treaties and available sanctions to enforce. These are ill defined, flexible and weak compared to those that exist in an integrated society and particularly within formal organizations. In a rather n eorealist he also refers to the lack of institutions, acute international conflict and the fact of sovereignty as the factors behind the precedence of policymakers role conceptions over externally derived role expectations. Here lies the rift between Holsti on one side and the English School and constructivist IR on the other side which has been reproduced in some of the empirical analyses. Integration of FPA and IR through Role Theory: Role theory has an intermittent presence in the study of foreign policy analysis, though it is unfamiliar to scholars in international relations. Yet it is uniquely suited to integrate IR and FPA. Role theory is premised on explaining and understanding the interaction between agents and structure. This may sound familiar to constructivist IR scholars. Role theory tends to focus on the agent structure debate from a slightly different, albeit complementary and vantage point. Foreign policy analysis and International Relation scholars operate within different analytical traditions. Whereas the former consider the individual to be the ground of International Relation theory, the latter are more apt to proceed from a system level orientation. To be more precise, Foreign policy analysis scholars often use role theory informed by social psychology while International Relation scholars are more firmly grounded in constructivist principles borrowed from sociology. There is a geographical divide: the former group of scholars is more prevalent in the United States, whereas the latter tend to be located in Europe and elsewhere in the world. Both groups use methods of analysis and standards of evidence that are in keeping with their separate traditions. Some suggest that theories of International Relations cant also be theories of foreign policy. However, others have argued that there is no logical barrier to such a synthesis  [19]  . We believe that role theory offers the potential for integration, possibly and synthesis. Foreign Policy Analysis generally as well as cognitive approaches specifically and International Relation theory generally as well as constructivism specifically stand to benefit from the results of dialogue between the formers largely agent based role theory and the latters largely system based agent structure debate. Although fully synthesizing the two fields may not be feasible, there is so much common ground that bridging the divide between these two traditions not only brings them closer together but also advances knowledge in both Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations theory. Indeed some efforts aimed at synthesis can already be identified. Consider for example: Maulls work on the civilian power role of Germany and Japan and Harnischs subsequent efforts to place Germanys civilian power role in a constructivist International Relations framework. These two scholars demonstrate the potential for a synthesis of Foreign Policy and International Relations through role theory. Roles like the civilian power role make intuitive sense to policymakers and offer great potential to translate Foreign Policy and International Relations theory into meaningful policy relevant advice.